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Multi Lingual
Internet Mail Magazine
JP-Swiss-journal - Vol. 218 – November 20, 2023 (Swiss Time)
http://www.swissjapanwatcher.ch/
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【 目次 / INDEX / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 】
【J】市民の視点から見たスイスの連邦議員選挙結果と「歳費」他
明子 ヒューリマン
【E】Swiss Federal Election Results and
"Compensation for
Parliamentarians" etc. from a
Citizen's Perspective.
Akiko Huerlimann
~~~~~~~~~~~~~【
日本語
】~~~~~~~~~~~~~
市民の視点から見たスイスの連邦議員選挙結果と「歳費」他
明子 ヒューリマン
4年に1度行われるスイスの連邦議員選挙が、10月22日(日曜日)に開票された。
連邦統計局の数字を見ると、2022年度の人口881.5万人に対して有権者
(Stimmberechtigte)は5,539,952人。
スイスは日本に次ぐ長寿国なので、人口に対して有権者の数が多い。
https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/effectif-change.html
スイスは連邦制で、地方自治が大きく保障されている。
それにも関わらず、各報道機関の選挙結果は、政党中心の報道姿勢なので、先ずはそれに沿って見てみよう。
【国民議会(Nationalrat: Grosse-Kammer)】
連邦政府のウェブサイトには、「国民議会は、スイス国民を代表する200名の議員で構成されている。議席は、26のカントンの人口(総人口=総居住者数)に応じて割り当てられ、各カントンには少なくとも1つ議席がある。選挙の翌年に行われる住民登録調査が議席割り当ての基礎になる。」と記されている。
https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch-detail?WordId=152
開票結果は週明けの23日には判明した。
https://www.srf.ch/news/wahlen-2023-resultate
統計によると、新しく選出された国民議会は、平均的な人口よりも男性、都市部、高齢者が多く、国民の実勢を反映しているのか?とスイス公共放送SRFは疑問を呈した。
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-der-neue-nationalrat-ein-spiegel-der-schweizer-bevoelkerung
主要政党の議席獲得状況は、
1位:保守の「スイス国民党SVP」が62議席(27.9%)9議席増
2位:左派の「社会民主党SP」が41議席(18.3%)2議席増
3位:中道保守の「中央党Mitte」が29議席(14.1%)1議席増
4位:財界が支持基盤の「自由民主党FDP」が28議席(14.3%)1議席減
5位:「緑の党」が23議席(9.8%)5議席減
6位:やや保守の「グリーンリヴェラルGLP」が10議席(7.6%)6議席減
この結果を、スイス国営放送SRFは、「スイスは右傾化しているが、国民議会では右派政党が絶対多数を占めるには至っていない。」と論評した。
SVPの躍進に加えて、左派系の「緑の党」と「GLP」の支持率低下を以て、「全体的に右傾化」の根拠にしたようだ。
環境問題の対応が世界中で叫ばれる中、環境運動家の過激な行動が顰蹙を買い、地方の「緑の党」が肉食禁止を検討していた。更に、ウクライナ戦争とパレスティナ紛争の勃発で、世界の関心は環境問題から、喫緊の課題に移ってしまった。こうした事情が環境政党への逆風になったようだ。
3位の「中央党(Mitte)」が1議席増を果たし乍ら、支持率が4位の「FDP」に若干超されたこの微妙な差は、人口の多い都市部の支持者による貢献と考えられる。
【全州議会(Staenderat: Kleine-Kammer)】
連邦政府のウェブサイトには、「全州議会には、州を代表する46名の代議員がいる。オブヴァルデン州、ニドヴァルデン州、バーゼル・シュタット州、バーゼル・ラントシャフト州、アッペンツェル・アウサーローデン州、アッペンツェル・インナーローデン州を除く各州は、それぞれ2名の代表がいる。人口100万人以上のチューリヒ州は2名の州代表を選出し、人口35,000人のウーリ州も2名の州代表を選出する。」と記されている。
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/council-of-states
開票結果は大半が投票日の週明けに判明したものの、19議席が決選投票に持ち込まれることになった。11月12日には13議席が確定し、残る6議席は11月19日に決選投票が行われた。
各政党の議席獲得状況は、
1位:中道保守の「中央党Mitte」が1議席増で15議席
2位:財界が支持基盤の「自由民主党FDP」が1議席減で11議席
3位:左派の「社会民主党SP」が2議席増で9議席
4位:保守の「スイス国民党SVP」が2議席減で6議席
5位:緑の党が2議席減で3議席
6位:やや保守の「グリーンリヴェラルGLP」が1議席
7位:保守系MCG(ジュネーヴ市民運動)が初の1議席獲得
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/staenderatswahlen-2023-mitte-baut-ihre-vormachtstellung-in-der-kleinen-kammer-aus
「国民議会」とは異なり、「全州議会」では、主要政党の獲得議席数がガラリと変わり、伝統的に中道政党が多数の議席を占有してきたが、この傾向は、今回の選挙でも変化は起こらなかった。州の利益代表とも言える全州議会ならではの伝統故のようだ。
しかし、左派勢力が強いと言われる西部スイス(仏語圏)で、地殻変動が起きた。前カントン・ジュネーヴ政府のマウロ・ポッジアが「緑の党」から議席を奪ったのだ。ポッジアは保守政党「ジュネーヴ市民運動=Mouvement citoyens genevois (MCG)」党員なので、ここでも保守化の兆候が示された。
とは言え、ポッジアは「旧CVP」から「MCG」に移籍した経緯があるので、全州議会のMitte会派には受容れてもらえず、SVP会派に加わる意志も無く、このままでは充分な議会活動が出来なくなるので、去就が問われている。
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-genf/kanton-genf-staenderat-mcg-politiker-mauro-poggia-erobert-sitz-der-gruenen
残りの6議席は、アールガウ、シャフハウゼン、ソロトゥーン、ツューリッヒで各1議席、ティチーノで2議席の決戦投票で決せられた。
これが連邦議会に大きな変化をもたらすかどうかは未だ分からない。
いずれにせよ、個人的には、堅実な保守勢力が国民の支持を増やしたことに一先ず安堵している。革新勢力はともすると、富の分配に政策の軸足を置き過ぎて、原資への関心が薄い点が危うさを感じさせる。
急進やラジカルな行動は、物事の判断が短絡的になり勝ちに見える。
詰まるところ、保守か革新かが重要なのではなく、「過去の経験と新しい知見に学びながら、実利的に慎重に事を進めるか否か」が政策を支持する判断基準になる。
ところで、2023年10月9日付スーパーマーケット大手「ミグロ」の週刊誌が、「連邦ベルン21の実情」という選挙特集で興味深い記事が目を惹いたので、幾つかご紹介する。
一つ目は、何故二院制なのか?
「『国民議会』は有権者の代表で、『全州議会』はカントンの代表。
両院は同等の資格を有し、各議案は両院で扱われる。法律や改正案は両院で決議されて、発効する。」
スイスの政治は、中央集権では無く、地方自治が主体の連邦制なので、こうした議会制度を採用したようだ。
二つ目は、「国民議会議員(Nationalrat)」の職業。
スイスの政治制度は、「Milizsystem」と称され、公務は通常副業で、政治家の多くは本業を兼務している。
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milizsystem_(Schweiz)
本業の最多は矢張り職業政治家で49人、企業家30人、法律家26人、コンサルタント26人、教師と講師26人、農家12人、医師5人、その他38人。
まずまずバランスが取れた職業分布と言えそうだが、職人や研究者の存在が希薄に見える。
三つ目は、「国民議会議員(Nationalrat)」の年間歳費。
給与 CHF 26,000
議会出席報酬 CHF 47,845
老齢年金 CHF 13,652
私設秘書 CHF
33,000
無料定期券 CHF 6,300
食費上限 CHF 11,740
宿泊費上限 CHF 10,625
子供手当//1人月額 CHF
384.70
合計 CHF 149,162
因みに、「日本の国会議員は年額約2200万円(手当てを含めた総額は約4200万円)と世界最高水準」とウィキペディアには記されている。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B3%E8%B2%BB
ウィキペディアの「購買力平価説」には、2022年9月時点で日本を100として換算した相対的購買力平価が、スイスは173と記されている。急激な円安が続いている現在、1スイスフランが既に169円という水準になっているので、購買力平価の差も比例して拡大傾向にあると考えられる。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BE%A1%E8%AA%AC
と言うことは、スイスの実質年間歳費は世界1と言うことになるが、比較の対象にする物価次第だろう。生活で「住」を最優先するスイスと、「食」を優先する傾向の日本とでは、単純比較は無意味だ。いずれにせよ、スイスの兼業政治家は潤沢な歳費を受け取っている。
四つ目は、投票率。前回2019年の選挙では、有権者数5,459,218人の内、投票したのは45.1%。国政選挙でこの数字は、多いとは言い難い。
五つ目は、無効投票。前回2019年の「国民議会選挙」では、29,015票が無効になった。およそ0.53%で、少ないとは言えない。郵便投票の際に、郵便投票で署名を忘れたり、投票用紙に名誉を毀損する書き込みがある場合が多いそうだ。
おまけは、どの政党が最も議会を欠席したか?
2022年、欠席率が最も高かったのはGLPで平均5.2%、「中央党Mitte」は4.8%、緑の党は2%で、議会での投票を逃したことになる。
今年の選挙でGLPが支持を減らした事と関係がありそうな結果だ。
過去4年間、政党がどれ程市民と対話し、議会活動をしたかの総決算が、選挙の結果に表れると言われている。
ところで、ターゲス・アンツァイガー紙の風刺画に応募した読者コメントの1位が、「ドミニオンの投票機でないことを祈る!」「いいえ、スイスの手造りです」が選ばれた!スイス市民、結構事情通ではないか?
https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schaadzeile-widmerzeile-804550139866
選挙ではとかく物議を醸す「ドミニオン社」をウィキペディアで見ると、日本の同業者「(株)ムサシ」の記載もあった。
締め括りに、スイスでは、議会議員選挙に「供託金」の制度は無い。
富が無ければ立候補できない制度は、民主主義の基本を毀損する制度と言えよう。日本には供託金制度で早急な改善が必要だ。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E8%A8%97%E9%87%91
★ スイス連邦議会の政党名 / Political parties represented in Parliament:
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament
【 編集後記
】
11月19日(日曜日)には、残る6名の全州議会議員選挙の結果が発表された。この結果の考察は、次の号でお伝えしたい。(A.H.)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~【 English 】~~~~~~~~~~~~
Swiss Federal
Election Results and "Compensation for
Parliamentarians" etc. from a
Citizen's Perspective.
Akiko Huerlimann
Votes were counted in Switzerland's
National Elections, which are held once every four Years, on Sunday,
October 22nd 2023. According to Figures from the Federal Statistical
Office, there were 5,539,952 Voters (Stimmberechtigte)
out of a Population of 8,815,000 in 2022.
Switzerland is the Country with the
second longest Life Expectancy after Japan, so it has a large Number of
Voters relative to its Population.
https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/effectif-change.html
Switzerland has a Federal System, which
guarantees a large Degree of local Autonomy. Nevertheless, the Election
Results by each News Organization were reported in a party-centered Manner,
so let's first look at them in that way.
[National Council (Nationalrat:
Large Chamber of Parliament)]
The Federal Government's Website states:
"The National Council (Nationalrat) is
composed of 200 Members representing the Swiss People.
Seats are allocated according to the
Population of the 26 Cantons (total Population = total Number of
Residents), each Canton has at least one Seat. The civil Registration
Survey held in the Year following the Election forms the Basis for the
Allocation of Seats."
https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch/parlamentsw%C3%B6rterbuch-detail?WordId=152
The Results of the Vote were known by the
Beginning of the coming Week.
https://www.srf.ch/news/wahlen-2023-resultate
Statistics show that the newly elected
National Council is more male, urban, and elderly than the average
Population, so does it reflect the Realities of the Population? Swiss
Public Broadcast Service SRF questioned.
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-der-neue-nationalrat-ein-spiegel-der-schweizer-bevoelkerung
The Status of Seats won by major
Political Parties is as follows:
1st place: Conservative "Swiss
People's Party SVP" gained 62 Seats (27.9%), an Increase of 9 Seats.
2nd place: Left-wing "Social
Democratic Party SP" gained 41 Seats (18.3%), an Increase of 2 Seats.
3rd place: Centrist Party "Mitte"gained 29 Seats (14.1%), an Increase of 1
Seat.
4th place: "The Liberal Democratic
Party FDP", whose Support Base is the Business Community, gained 28
Seats (14.3%), a Decrease of 1 Seat.
5th place: "Green Party" 23
Seats (9.8%), a Decrease of 5 Seats.
6th place: Slightly Conservative/Left :
"Green Liberals (GLP)" gained 10 Seats (7.6%), a Decrease of 6
Seats.
Swiss National Broadcaster SRF commented
on the Results, saying, "Switzerland is moving to the right, but
right-wing Parties have yet to command an absolute Majority in the National
Council."
In addition to the SVP's rapid Rise,
Decline in Support for the left-leaning "Green Party" and
"GLP" seems to have been used as the Basis for the "overall
Shift to the right".
Amid Calls for Action to address
environmental Issues around the World, the radical Actions of some
Environmentalists Groups have caused Outrage, and a local Section of
"Green Party" was considering banning Meat Eating. Furthermore,
with the Outbreak of the Ukraine War and the Palestinian Conflict, World's
Attention has shifted from environmental Issues to more pressing Issues.
These Circumstances appear to have turned into a Headwind for environmental
Parties.
While the third-placed "Centrist
Party (Mitte)", gained one Seat, however,
its Support (Voter Share) was slightly exceeded by the fourth- placed
Party, the FDP.
This slight Difference is thought to be
due to the Contribution of Supporters in populous Urban Areas.
[The Council of States (Staenderat: Small Chamber of Parliament)]
The Federal Government's Website states:
"The Council of States (Staenderat) has 46
Members who represent the Cantons.
The Cantons each send two
Representatives, with the Exception of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden and Appenzell-Innerrhoden,
which each send One.
The Canton of Zurich, which has a
Population of over one Million People,
elects two Representatives as does the
Canton of Uri, which has a Population of around 35,000."
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/council-of-states
Although most of the Results were known
early in the coming Week, 19 Seats went to run-off Elections. Thirteen
Seats were decided on November 12th, and a run-off Election was held for
the remaining six Seats on November 19th.
The Status of Seats won by Political
Parties is as follows:
1st place: Centrist Party "Mitte" won 1 Seat to 15 Seats.
2nd place: "The Liberal Democratic
Party FDP", whose Support Base is the Business Community, lost 1 Seat
to 11 Seats.
3rd place: Left-wing "Social
Democratic Party SP" won 2 Seats to 9 Seats.
4th place: Conservative "Swiss
People's Party SVP" lost 2 Seats to 6 Seats.
5th place: "Green Party" lost 2
Seats to 3 Seats.
6th place: Slightly Conservative/Left :
"Green Liberals (GLP)" won 1 Seat.
7th place: Conservative "MCG (Geneva
Citizens’ Movement)" won 1 Seat for the first Time.
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/staenderatswahlen-2023-mitte-baut-ihre-vormachtstellung-in-der-kleinen-kammer-aus
In the "National Council" and
"Council of States", the Number of Seats won by the major
Political Parties has changed dramatically, with the Centrist Party now
occupying the Majority of Seats in the "Council of States" (Staenderat) This Trend did not change in this Election.
This seems to be due to the unique
Tradition of the "Council of States", which can be said to
represent the Interests of each Canton.
However, a seismic Shift occurred in
Western Switzerland (French-speaking Region), where leftist Forces are said
to be strong. Mr. Mauro Poggia, ex-Member of
Geneva Cantonal Government took the Seat from the Green Party. Mauro Poggia is a Member of the Conservative Party "Mouvement Citoyens Genevois (MCG)", so here too there were Signs of Conservatism.
Nevertheless, Poggia's
Attitude is being questioned because he has moved from the "former
CVP" to the "MCG". He will not be accepted by the "Mitte"-Faction of the "Council of
States", but has no Intention of joining the SVP-Faction, and alone,
he will not be able to fully engage in Parliamentary Activities if he
remains in this Position.
https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/wahlen-2023/wahlen-2023-genf/kanton-genf-staenderat-mcg-politiker-mauro-poggia-erobert-sitz-der-gruenen
Remaining six Seats were decided in a
run-off Election with one Seat each in the Cantons of Aargau, Schaffhausen,
Solothurn and Zurich, and two in Ticino. It remains to be seen whether this
will lead to major Changes in the Federal Parliament.
In any case, personally, I am relieved
for the time being that solid Conservative Forces have increased the
Support of the People.
There is a Sense of Danger in the Fact
that the Progressive Forces tend to focus their Policies too much on the
Distribution of Wealth and pay little Attention to the Source of Funds.
Radical or radical Actions tend to lead
to short-sighted Decisions and appear to be winning.
In the end, it is not whether one is
Conservative or Radical that is important, but whether one is Pragmatic and
Prudent in proceeding with Things while learning from Past Experience and
new Knowledge that is the Criterion for supporting the Policy.
By the way, the October 9, 2023 Weekly
Magazine of the major Supermarket "Migros"
caught my Attention with an interesting Article in its Election Feature
that is "21 Facts about the Federal Berne", and I would like to introduce
you a Couple of them.
https://issuu.com/m-magazin/docs/migros-magazin-41-2023-d-aa
(from 58 page till 63 page)
First, why a Bicameral System?
"The "National Council"
represents the Electorate, while the "Council of States"
represents the Cantons.
Both Chambers are equally qualified, and
each Proposal is dealt with by both Chambers.
The Laws and Amendments are passed by
both Chambers and come into force."
This Parliamentary System seems to have
been adopted because Swiss Politics is mainly based on local Autonomy
(Federalism) rather than Centralization.
Second is the Occupation (Job) of the
"Members of the National Council (Nationalrat)".
Swiss Political System is known as the
"Militia System," in which official Duty is usually a Sideline,
and many Politicians have a main Job.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_System
The largest Number by Occupation are
Professional Politicians (49), Entrepreneurs (30), Lawyers (26),
Consultants (26), Teachers and Lecturers (26), Farmers (12), Doctors (5),
and Others (38).
This seems to be a fairly balanced
Distribution of Occupations, but Craftsmen and Researchers appear to be
scarce.
Third is the Annual Salary (Compensation)
for a "Member of the National Council (Nationalrat)".
Salary CHF 26,000
Parliamentary Attendance Fee CHF 47,845
Old-Age Pension CHF 13,652
Private (Personal) Secretary CHF 33,000
Free General Season (Transport) Ticket
CHF 6,300
Maximum Food (Meal) Compensation CHF
11,740
Maximum Compensation for Overnight Stays
CHF 10,625
Child Allowances per Child and per Month
up to CHF 384.70
Total CHF 149,162
By the way, Wikipedia states that
"Japanese Diet Members are paid about 22 Million Yen per Year (Total
Amount including Allowances is about 42 Million Yen), the Highest in the
World.
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B3%E8%B2%BB
Wikipedia's "Purchasing Power
Parity" states that Switzerland has a relative Purchasing Power Parity
of 147 whereas Japan 107, converted from United States's
100 as of March 2, 2021.
Since the Yen has been rapidly
Depreciating and 1 Swiss Franc (CHF) is already at a Level of 169 Yen, the
Difference in Purchasing Power Parity is likely to be widening
proportionally.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity
That would mean that Switzerland's real
annual Spending is the highest in the World, but it would depend on the
Prices of Goods and Services used for Comparison.
It is meaningless to make a simple
Comparison between Switzerland, where Housing is the top Priority in Life,
and Japan, where Food is a Priority. Anyway, Politicians in Switzerland recieve plenty of Salaries.
Fourth, is the Voter Turnout. In the last
Election in 2019, 45.1% of the 5,459,218 eligible Voters cast their
Ballots. This Number is hardly a large Number for a National Election.
Fifth, Invalid Votes. In the last
National Parliament Election in 2019, 29,015 Votes were invalidated.
Roughly 0.53%, not a small Number. They often forget to sign the Ballot
Paper (Voting by Post) or defamatory Statements were written on the Ballot
Paper.
As an added Bonus, which Political Party
was most absent from Parliament?
In 2022, the GLP (Green Liberals) had the
highest Absenteeism Rate, averaging 5.2%, the "Centrist Party Mitte" 4.8%, and the Green Party missed 2% of the
Voting by Parliamentarians.
By the way, the "Number One
Reader-Comment" on the Caricature in the Tages-Anzeiger
Newspaper was that "I hope it's not a Dominion Voting Machine! No,
it's Swiss Made," was chosen! Swiss Citizens, aren't they pretty
well-informed? (For Cartoon Scroll down)
https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schaadzeile-widmerzeile-804550139866
When I looked at Wikipedia for
"Dominion Inc.", a Company that is often controversially
mentioned in Elections, I also found a Mention of a Japanese Competitor, Musashi Co.
Finally, in Switzerland, there is no
"Deposit" System for Parliamentary
Elections.
A System, in which one cannot run for
Office without Wealth, is a System that undermines the Fundamentals of
Democracy.
Japan needs to improve the Deposit System
as soon as possible.
★ スイス連邦議会の政党名 / Political Parties represented in Swiss
Parliament:
https://www.parlament.ch/en/organe/groups/parties-in-parliament
[Editor's Postscript]
On Sunday, November 19, 2023, the Results
of the Election of all six Remaining Parliament Members for the
"Council of States" were announced. We will analyze the Results
in the next Issue. (A.H.)
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